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| BIOLOGICAL
  PEST CONTROL IN PACIFIC ISLANDS (Contacts)           
  There have been numerous repeat successes at biological control in the
  Pacific Islands, such as with the cottony-cushion scale.  An attempt to control the Australian bush
  fly has resulted in partial success (Legner 1976 , Legner et al. 1974).  A spectacular success was achieved against
  the Glassy Winged Sharpshooter,  Homalodisca coagulata
  (Say) (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) [See <ch-126.htm>].          Dr. Mark Hoddle
  of the University of California is actively pursueing biological control of
  pests throughout the Pacific area, and has achieved several outstanding
  success.     REFERENCES: <bc-67.ref.htm> &  [Additional references may be found
  at  MELVYL Library  & <pooled.htm>] 127.   Legner, E. F., B. B. Sugerman, H.-S. Yu and H. Lum.  1974. 
  Biological and integrated control of the bush fly, Musca sorbens Wiedemann  and
  other filth breeding Diptera in Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands.  Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 1:  1-14.   155.   Legner, E. F.  1976.  The Musca
  sorbens Wiedemann complex in
  Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. 
  Entomol. News 87(1-2):  39-48.   Barratt, B.I.P.,
  Howarth, F.G., Withers, T.M., Kean, J.M., Ridley, G.S., 2010. Progress in
  risk assessment for classical biological control. Biological Control 52:
  245–254.   Bartlett, B. R. 1962.
  The ingest ion of dry sugars by adult entomophagous insects and the use of
  this feeding habit for measuring the moisture needs of parasites. Journal of
  Economic Entomology 55 (5): 749-753.   Berndt, Lisa A.,
  Wratten, Steve D. 2005. Effects of alyssum flowers on the longevity,
  fecundity, and sex ratio of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica.
  Biological Control 32 (1): 65-69.   Boyd, E. A., Hoddle,
  M.S. 2007. Host specificity testing of Gonatocerus spp. egg-parasitoids used in a classical
  biological control program against Homalodisca
  vitripennis: A retrospective analysis for non-target impacts in
  southern California. Biological Control 43: 56-70.   Carbone, S. S., Rivera,
  A. C. 2003. Egg load and adaptive superparsitism in Anaphes nitens, an egg
  parasitoid of the Eucalyptus snout-beetle Gonipterus scutellatus. Entomologia
  Experimentalis et Applicata 106: 127–134.   CDFA. 2003. Pierce's
  disease control program - report to the legislature, May 2003 [Online].
  Available at: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pdcp/docs/2002LegReport.pdf.
  (verified 8 July 2004)   CDFA, 2008. Pierce’s
  Disease Program Annual Report to the Legislature 2008. California Department
  of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, USA.   Chaney, W.E. 1998.
  Biological control of aphids in lettuce crops using in-Weld insectaries. In:
  Pickett, C.H., Bugg, R.L. (Eds.), Enhancing Biological Control—Habitat
  Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests. University of
  California Press, Berkeley, CA, pp. 73–83.   Chen, Wen-Long,
  Leopold, Roger A., Morgan, David J. W., et al. 2006a. Development and
  reproduction of the egg parasitoid,
  Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera : Mymaridae), as a
  function of temperature. Environmental Entomology 35 (5): 1178-1187.   Chen, W. L., Leopold,
  R. A., Harris, M. O. 2006b. Parasitism of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata
  (Homoptera : Cicadellidae): Functional response and superparasitism by Gonatocerus ashmeadi
  (Hymenoptera : Mymaridae). Biological Control 37 (1): 119-129.   Cheou D. 2002.
  Incursion of glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata in French Polynesia. Plant
  Protection Service Pest Alert:1.   Costa H.S., Blua,
  M.J., Bethke, J.A., Redak, R.A. 2000. Transmission of Xylella fasitidiosa to
  oleander by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata. HortScience 35(7):1265-1267.   De León, J.H.,
  Logarzo, G.A., and Triapitsyn, S.V. (2008), Molecular characterization of Gonatocerus tuberculifemur
  (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a prospective Homalodisca vitripennis
  (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) biological control candidate agent from
  South America: divergent clades. Bulletin of Entomological Research 98:
  97-108.   de Lima, J. E. O.,
  Miranda, V. S., Hartung, J. S., Brlansky, R. H., Coutinho, A., Roberto, S.
  R., Carlos, E. F., 1998. Coffee leaf scorch bacterium: Axenic
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  A., Lomer, C., 2001. Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological
  control. Biocontrol 46: 387-400.   Ellers, Jacintha, Van
  Alphen, Jacques J. M., Sevenster, Jan G. 1998. A field study of size-fitness
  relationships in the parasitoid Asobara
  tabida. Journal of Animal Ecology 67 (2): 318-324.   Esser, T. West, D.
  (eds.), 2010. Pierce’s Disease Control Symposium Proceedings, December 15-17,
  San Diego, California, pp. 283. California Department of Food and
  Agriculture, Sacramento, CA. Available from: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/pdcp/2010_Research_Proceedings.html.   Flanders, Stanley E.
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  Scarratt, S. L., Wratten, S. D., Berndt, L., Irvin, N. 2004. Ecological
  engineering, habitat manipulation and pest management. In: Gurr, G. M.,
  Wratten, S. D., Altieri, M. A. (Eds.), Ecological Engineering for Pest
  Management: Advances in Habitat Manipulation for Arthropods, CSIRO
  Publishing,  Collingwood, VIC,
  Australia, pp. 1-12.   Gurr G.M., Wratten,
  S.D., Luna, J.M. 2003. Multi-function agricultural biodiversity: Pest
  management and other benefits. Basic & Applied Ecology 4(2):107-16.   Hartung, J. S.,
  Beretta, J., Brlansky, R. H., Spisso, J., Lee, R. F., 1994. Citrus variegated
  chlorosis bacterium: Axenic culture, pathogenicity, and serological
  relationships with other strains of Xylella fastidiosa. Phytopathology 84:
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  Rufina, de la Cerda, Karla A., Costa, Heather S., et al. 2007. Phylogenetic
  relationships of Xylella
  fastidiosa strains isolated from landscape ornamentals in
  southern California. Phytopathology 97 (7): 857-864.   Hoddle M.S. 2004a.
  The potential adventive geographic range of glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata and the
  grape pathogen Xylella
  fastidiosa: Implications for California and other grape growing
  regions of the world. Crop Protection 23 (8): 691-699.   Hoddle M.S. 2004b.
  Restoring balance: Using exotic natural enemies to control invasive exotic
  species. Conservation Biology 18 (1): 38-49.   Hoddle, M. S.,
  Triapitsyn, S. V., 2004. Searching for and collecting egg parasitoids of the
  glassy-winged sharpshooter in the central and eastern USA. In: Tariq, M. A.,
  Oswalt, S., Blincoe, P., Ba, A., Lorick, T., Esser, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of
  the Pierce’s Disease Research Symposium. California Department of Food and
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  Pimentel, D. 1989. New associations in biological control: theory and
  practice. Canadian Entomologist 121: 829-840.   Hoover W. 2004. New
  invader may threaten crops. The Honolulu Advertiser, May 14, 2004, Honolulu.   Huber, J. T. 1988. The species
  groups of Gonatocerus Nees
  in North America with a revision of the Sulphuripes and Ater groups
  (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 141:
  109.   Irvin, Nicola A.,
  Hoddle, Mark S. 2004. Oviposition preference of Homalodisca coagulata for two Citrus limon cultivars and
  influence of host plant on parasitism by Gonatocerus ashmeadi and G. triguttatus (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae). Florida
  Entomologist 87 (4): 504-510.   Irvin N., Hoddle,
  M.S. 2005a. Determination of Homalodisca
  coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) egg ages that are suitable
  for oviposition by Gonatocerus
  ashmeadi, G.
  triguttatus and G.
  fasciatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): (1) no choice tests.
  Biological Control 32 (3): 391-400.   Irvin, N. A., Hoddle,
  M. S. 2005b. The competitive ability of three mymarid egg parasitoids (Gonatocerus spp.) for
  glassy-winged sharptshooter (Homalodisica
  coagulata) eggs. Biological Control 34 (2): 204-214.   Irvin, N. A., Hoddle,
  M. S. 2006. The effect of intraspecific competition on progeny sex ratio in Gonatocerus spp. for Homalodisca coagulata egg
  masses: Economic implications for mass rearing and biological control.
  Biological Control 39 (2): 169-170.   Irvin, Nicola A.,
  Hoddle, Mark S. 2007. Evaluation of floral resources for enhancement of
  fitness of Gonatocerus ashmeadi,
  an egg parasitoid of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis.
  Biological Control 40 (1): 80-88.   Irvin, Nicola A.,
  Hoddle, Mark S. 2009. Egg maturation, oosorption, and wing wear in Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera:
  Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis
  (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Biological Control 48 (2): 125-132.   Irvin, N. A., Hoddle,
  M. S. 2010. Comparative assessments of Gonatocerus ashmeadi and the 'new association' parasitoid
  Gonatocerus tuberculifemur
  (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) as biological control agents of Homalodisca vitripennis
  (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Biological Control 55 (3): 186-196.   Irvin, Nicola A.,
  Hoddle, Mark S., Castle, Steven J. 2007. The effect of resource provisioning
  and sugar composition of foods on longevity of three Gonatocerus spp., egg
  parasitoids of Homalodisca
  vitripennis. Biological Control 40 (1): 69-79.   Irvin, N. A., Hoddle,
  M. S., Morgan, D. J. W. 2006. Competition between Gonatocerus ashmeadi and G. triguttatus for glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata) egg
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  M.S., Suarez-Espinoza, J., 2009. The functional response of Gonatocerus ashmeadi and the
  ‘new association’ parasitoid G.
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  Heimpel, George E., Ferns, Peter N., et al. 2001. Life-history strategies in
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  2005a. Biology and host range of two South American egg
  parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), possible biocontrol agents for
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  Significance, University of California, Berkeley, 7-12 August 2005, Berkeley,
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  Johnseon, M. W., Morgan, D. J. W., Morse, J. G. 2009. Production of Anagrus epos Girault
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